ReviewAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)2025
Polysaccharide Adjuvants as Innate Immune Trainers: Bridging Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) Activation and Metabolic Reprogramming for Synthetic Vaccine Design.
Review in Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- DAMPs, PAMPs, and Alarmins: From Mechanism to Therapy.MedComm · 2026Review
- Edible Fungal Polysaccharide-Liposome: Interfacial Interactions, Structure-Function Relationship, and Emerging Application in Oral Delivery and Functional Foods.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Targeting ARF6-SUCNR1 Axis: Antisense Oligonucleotide Adjuvants for Neutrophil Immunometabolism.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Smart Nanomaterials and Natural Biologics for Innate-Adaptive Immune Reprogramming: A Nanobiotechnology Framework for Translational Medicine.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Review
- Polysaccharide Extracted from Longan (International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Targeting tumor-associated macrophages through phytochemicals: a promising strategy for cold tumor therapy.Chinese medicine · 2026Review
- From Neoantigens to Nanocarriers: Modern Methods and Modalities in Using Peptides for Cancer Vaccination.Biochemistry · 2026Review
- Polysaccharide-based anticancer therapeutics: molecular mechanisms, translational advances, and the road toward precision oncology.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Cell-mediated immune responses of beta-glucan on the pathogenesis of chronic tuberculosis infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Polysaccharide Adjuvants as Innate Immune Trainers: Bridging Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) Activation and Metabolic Reprogramming for Synthetic Vaccine Design.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Polymeric particle-based antigen delivery system: From immunological engineering to clinical translation.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The concept of trained immunity has redefined the understanding of innate immune memory and opened new opportunities for vaccine design. Polysaccharides, as naturally occurring pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), can activate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and induce durable immunomodulatory effects. This review examines the historical context of microbial immunotherapy, beginning with Coley's toxin, and traces its evolution toward the rational use of polysaccharides as vaccine adjuvants. Their mechanisms of action, ranging from PRR engagement to metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming, are discussed to support both innate training and adaptive immune activation. Emphasis is placed on how these materials interact with biological barriers, influence antigen processing, and enhance lymph node trafficking. By analyzing the immunological functions and material properties of β-glucan, mannan, alginate, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, and others, the potential of polysaccharide-based platforms is highlighted to improve the efficacy and breadth of synthetic vaccines.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.