ArticlePeerJ2025
El Niño-driven phase shift to algal dominance on Isla del Caño's coral reefs: implications for urgent restoration.
Article in PeerJ, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: The 2023-24 El Niño event caused extreme marine heat stress and widespread coral bleaching. Coral reefs at the Reserva Biológica Isla del Caño and the northern coast of the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica, underpin critical ecosystem services, including biodiversity conservation and marine tourism, and have previously withstood similar events with minimal coral loss. Evaluating the ecological impacts of the 2023-24 El Niño is essential to assess coral reef resilience and guide future management. Methods: Coral Reef Watch sea surface temperature (SST) data (1985-2025; CoralTemp V3.1) were used to calculate long-term SST trends and degree heating weeks (DHW). Reef surveys were conducted at nine sites between 2019 and 2025, with primary benthic composition and coral health data collected in 2024-25. Benthic cover was assessed using point-intercept, line-intercept, and quadrat methods, while coral diversity, abundance, and health were measured Results: SST increased significantly over the past 40 years (∼0.23 °C/decade), with the 2023-24 El Niño recording peak SST (31.2 °C). Bleaching threshold exceedance days increased, while cool days declined. Twelve coral taxa were recorded; Conclusion: There is an urgent need to develop and implement a coral reef restoration strategy for Isla del Caño that addresses site-specific conditions, integrates tourism management, and promotes long-term resilience. Under continued climate change, localized, targeted restoration will be essential to maintain the ecological function of these historically resilient but increasingly vulnerable reefs in Costa Rica's Eastern Tropical Pacific.
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