ArticleMycoses2025
Global Burden of Fungal Skin Diseases and Future Projections: An Analysis of the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study.
Article in Mycoses, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Superficial Fungal Infection Associations with Comorbid Diseases and Risk Factors: An Analysis of Global Burden of Disease 2023.Infectious disease reports · 2026Article
- Global Burden of Fungal Skin Diseases and Future Projections: An Analysis of the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study.Mycoses · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe global prevalence and incidence of fungal skin diseases continue to rise due to population ageing, urbanisation and environmental changes, posing a significant public health challenge. These infections are particularly severe in immunocompromised individuals, potentially leading to deep-seated infections and life-threatening complications. However, comprehensive data on the global burden of fungal skin diseases remain limited, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) with constrained resources.
methodsUsing Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data from 1990 to 2021, this study analysed trends in incidence, prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) across 204 countries and territories. Joinpoint regression was employed to identify temporal trend changes, while the Age-Period-Cohort (APC) model was used to disentangle age, period and cohort effects. Additionally, the Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort (BAPC) model was applied to project disease burden from 2022 to 2036.
resultsIn 2021, the global age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR) was 21,668.4 per 100,000 population, showing a slight increase compared to 1990 (Estimated annual percentage change [EAPC] = 0.11). The burden exhibited marked disparities by Socio-demographic Index (SDI): low-SDI countries had the highest ASIR and DALYs (e.g., Ethiopia's ASIR reached 45,535.04 per 100,000), whereas high-SDI countries demonstrated a declining trend. Joinpoint regression revealed pronounced fluctuations in low-SDI nations, contrasting with sustained declines in high-SDI regions. APC analysis indicated elevated risks among older populations and younger birth cohorts. BAPC projections suggested a continued rise in global incidence by 2030, with females likely facing a higher burden than males.
conclusionThe burden of fungal skin diseases is closely linked to socioeconomic development, with resource-limited regions bearing the highest risks. The projected upward trend underscores the urgent need for targeted public health interventions, particularly in strengthening prevention and management systems in low-SDI countries. This study provides critical evidence to inform global strategies for mitigating the impact of fungal skin diseases.
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