Network rewiring conserves the topology of drought-impaired food webs.

Extreme climatic events such as drought are increasing in magnitude and frequency, representing one of the biggest threats to freshwaters across the globe. Although drought can cause extensive loss or turnover of biodiversity, food web structure often remains surprisingly unchanged. This topological constancy suggests that ecosystems undergo rewiring of biotic interactions resulting from adaptive species responses, although how compensatory mechanics collectively reorganise food webs are largely unknown. Here, we perform a merging of trophic ecology with an approach from network science (global network alignment, which optimises network comparison and reveals restructuring) to assess the impact of experimental drought on the topology of stream food webs. We found that whilst drought caused substantial biodiversity loss, trophic plasticity among the surviving consumers conserved 80% of the original food web topology, maintaining connectance and in turn stability. This structural inertia was driven by extensive rewiring among the surviving species, but in contrast to expectations, we observed considerable trophic plasticity among dietary specialists who in fact disproportionally rewired more than their generalist counterparts. These findings demonstrate that adaptive dietary shifts among specialist species play an underappreciated role in mitigating the effects of drought and governing the topological persistence of ecological networks.