ArticleScientific reports2025
Bio and chemical fertilizers integration supplemented by biostimulants a sustainable way to reduce chemical inputs in rainfed wheat systems.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
A sustainable solution to reduce chemical inputs in rainfed wheat systems is to replace part of the chemical fertilizers with biofertilizers, combined with foliar application. During 2023-2024, a field experiment was conducted at two sites at research farms in Javanroud and Dehgolan, Iran. Five integrated fertilizer levels [100% chemical fertilizer (CF100), 75% CF + biofertilizers (CF75 + BF), 50% CF + BF (CF50 + BF), 25% CF + BF (CF25 + BF), and 0% CF + BF (CF0 + BF)] with three foliar applications (control, seaweed, and amino acids) were tested. A complementary pot experiment was conducted to assess treatment effects on root growth parameters specifically. Overall, in comparison to other treatments, CF75 + BF and CF100 improved root growth, physiological attributes, and grain yield and quality parameters. In all fertilizer integration strategies, foliar application of seaweed extracts and amino acids improved plant performance indicators. The CF75 + BF treatment, supplemented with seaweed foliar application, achieved maximum chlorophyll levels (2.35 mg g
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