Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41285852›Full record

ArticleNature communications2025

Observing growth of metallic crystals inside liquid metal solvents.

Moonika S Widjajana, Matthew Foley, Jiewei Zheng, Francois-Marie Allioux, Shuhada A Idrus-Saidi, Mohamed Kilani, Charlie Ruffman, Nicola Gaston, Zengxia Pei, Pramod Koshy and 8 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Moonika S WidjajanaSchool of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia.
Matthew FoleySydney Microscopy & Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4077-445X
Jiewei ZhengSchool of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Francois-Marie AlliouxSchool of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0973-5110
Shuhada A Idrus-SaidiCentre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research (ISI-SIR), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia.
Mohamed KilaniSchool of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Charlie RuffmanMacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Nicola GastonMacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8049-3295
Zengxia PeiSchool of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3202-7879
Pramod KoshySchool of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW, Australia.
Michelle J S SpencerSchool of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4646-1550
Shih-Hao ChiuSchool of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia.
Nur-Adania Nor-AzmanSchool of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia.
Richard B KanerDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0345-4924
Torben DaenekeSchool of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1142-8646
Jianbo TangSchool of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia. jianbotang@westlake.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0155-6807
Minkyung KangSchool of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. minkyung.kang@sydney.edu.au.
Kourosh Kalantar-ZadehSchool of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia. kourosh.kalantarzadeh@sydney.edu.au.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6109-132X

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Liquid metals are promising unconventional solvents for dissolving metals and growing their crystals. However, how the crystals grow within these metallic solvents cannot be observed easily due to the opacity of liquid metals. Using X-ray micro-computed tomography, the three-dimensional formations of crystals inside liquid metal solvents, under different conditions, are presented. In this work, we explore the use of different liquid metals solvents for growing metallic crystals, while imaging the crystals shape and sizes inside liquid metals. We use gallium-based solvents and platinum, as the solutes and demonstrate the use of liquid metals for forming metallic crystals through modulating environmental boundary effects, controlled cooling rates, and solvent selection. It is observed that the cooling rate and composition of the reaction media will influence crystals morphologies and intermetallic phases. As a proof-of-concept, we perform hydrogen evolution reaction using metallic crystals extracted from the solvents, showcasing the potential of liquid metal-based synthesis in tailoring metallic crystals properties for enhancing catalytic activity demonstrating a strategy for engineering metallic crystals in liquid metal solvents.

Identifiers

PMID41285852
PMCPMC12644691

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.