Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41283065›Full record

ArticleJournal of clinical & translational endocrinology2025

Insulin dose adjustment policy for certified diabetes care and education specialists: Safe and effective.

Jeannine C Leverenz, Lauren Horton, Barry Conrad, Shannon Lin, Annette Chmielewski, Franziska K Bishop, Melissa Quaid, Priya Prahalad, David M Maahs

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of clinical & translational endocrinology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Jeannine C LeverenzLucile Packard Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
Lauren HortonLucile Packard Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
Barry ConradLucile Packard Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
Shannon LinLucile Packard Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
Annette ChmielewskiLucile Packard Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
Franziska K BishopDivision of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
Melissa QuaidLucile Packard Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
Priya PrahaladDivision of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
David M MaahsDivision of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.

Funding

Teamwork, Targets, Technology, and Tight Control in Newly Diagnosed Pediatric T1D: 4T StudyR18DK122422 · NIDDK · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI MAAHS, DAVID MATTHEW · 2020 to 2024
$3.2M
NIDDK NIH HHS R18 DK122422
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In 4T Study 1, youth with new-onset type 1 diabetes started a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) soon after diagnosis and received remote CGM data review and dose changes by a Certified Diabetes Care and Education Specialist (CDCES) via secure portal messaging. We describe the CDCES policy to make incremental dose adjustments and report its safety and effectiveness, which facilitated patients' reaching and maintaining targets. We aim to publish this data-supported CDCES protocol to facilitate use at other diabetes centers who may restrict CDCES from adjusting insulin doses. The CDCESs and Pediatric Endocrinologists agreed on criteria for making dose changes. CDCESs made insulin dose adjustments and consulted with Pediatric Endocrinologists per protocol and as needed. CDCES sent messages with suggested dose adjustments and behavior changes via secure portal messaging. In the first year, a total of 1564 remote patient monitoring messages were sent to 133 participants. Most messages were triggered by low time-in-range (TIR, 70-180 mg/dl [63 %]), hypoglycemia (39 %), decline in TIR (13 %), or insufficient CGM wear time (7 %). There were 3 episodes of severe hypoglycemia, none adjudicated related to the CDCES dosing protocol. At one year, the mean time <70 mg/dl was <2 %, and the A1C target of <7 % was met by 64 %. We created a policy for CDCESs to adjust insulin doses and increase patient interaction between visits. The results demonstrate that CDCES can work at the top of their certification to adjust insulin doses to achieve target goals without decreasing safety.

Indexed as

Continuous glucose monitoringDiabetes technologyGlycemic maintenanceInsulin dosingRemote patient monitoringTime in rangeType 1 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID41283065
PMCPMC12639378

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.