Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41281885›Full record

ArticleNPJ heritage science2025

The reproduction of fire-born soot for comparative cleaning tests on heritage objects.

Nan Yang, Marta Cremonesi, Tomas Markevicius, Alice Del Favo, Kirill Shumikhin, Elena Ducoli, Catarina Rocha Pires, Raffaella Fontana, Pascal Van Der Voort, Karen Leus and 8 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in NPJ heritage science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Nan YangARCHES Research Group, Faculty of Design Sciences, University of Antwerp, Mutsaardstraat 31, B‑2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
Marta CremonesiARCHES Research Group, Faculty of Design Sciences, University of Antwerp, Mutsaardstraat 31, B‑2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
Tomas MarkeviciusResearch Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
Alice Del FavoNational Research Council-National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Largo E. Fermi, 6, 50125 Florence, Italy.
Kirill ShumikhinNational Research Council-National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Largo E. Fermi, 6, 50125 Florence, Italy.
Elena DucoliDepartment of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
Catarina Rocha PiresUniversity of Amsterdam, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Conservation and Restoration, Turfdraagsterpad 15, 1012 XT Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Raffaella FontanaNational Research Council-National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Largo E. Fermi, 6, 50125 Florence, Italy.
Pascal Van Der VoortCenter for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
Karen LeusResearch Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
Gert NuytsAntwerp X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Laboratory (AXIS) Research Group, NANOLab Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
Gianluca PastorelliNational Gallery of Denmark, Sølvgade 48-50, 1307 Copenhagen, K Denmark.
Sofie Wikkelsø JensenNational Gallery of Denmark, Sølvgade 48-50, 1307 Copenhagen, K Denmark.
Ilaria BonaduceDepartment of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
Klaas Jan van den BergUniversity of Amsterdam, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Conservation and Restoration, Turfdraagsterpad 15, 1012 XT Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Rino MorentResearch Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
Anton NikiforovResearch Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
Geert Van der SnicktARCHES Research Group, Faculty of Design Sciences, University of Antwerp, Mutsaardstraat 31, B‑2000 Antwerp, Belgium.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This work describes the design of reproducible mock-ups with controlled soot deposition, created to support comparative cleaning tests within the EU Horizon MOXY project. The latter develops atmospheric, plasma-generated, monoatomic oxygen as a cleaning method to remove (amongst others) fire-born soot from heritage objects. A literature review highlights the complexity of soot while revealing a lack of focus on the representativeness of artificial soot in previous studies. We benchmarked two approaches: (I) indirect/cold application of pre-fabricated soot and (II) direct/hot application via ongoing combustion. The results demonstrate that direct combustion yields soot with markedly different physical and chemical characteristics. Chemical analysis (Raman, XRPD, TGA, EGA-MS, XPS) and microscopic imaging (3D optical, SEM) revealed differences in composition, morphology, and deposition behaviour on substrates like paper, silk, paint and plaster. We selected the 'smoke drum' method as the most practical and reproducible approach for mimicking fire-born soot in heritage cleaning research.

Identifiers

PMID41281885
PMCPMC12638255

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.