Alcohol use-related problems in general hospitals and primary care settings: Screening, intervention, and referral to treatment.

Alcohol use has contributed to large disease burdens, and alcohol-related problems are prevalent among patients in general hospitals and primary care settings. This review aims to deepen the understanding of screening, intervention, and treatment referral for alcohol-related problems in these settings. We searched the literature published in English from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the World Health Organization website. We found that while a series of screening tools can be used, screening rates were low. The awareness of screening should be strengthened. Brief interventions and pharmacotherapy are the two main methods used in general hospitals and primary care settings, with complementary and alternative medicine considered under the framework of integrative medicine. Individuals with severe alcohol-related problems or alcohol use disorders should be referred to specialty treatment for alcohol abuse, but referral is sometimes ignored. A gap exists between general hospitals/primary care facilities and specialized alcohol-related treatment providers. In conclusion, screening, intervention, and referral to treatment comprise a continuum for patients with alcohol-related problems. Opportunities to prevent and manage these problems in general hospitals and primary care settings are abundant, and taking action will promote the addressing of this public health issue.