ArticleJHEP reports : innovation in hepatology2025
Immunologic effects of locoregional therapies for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.
Article in JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- [A transition from targeting immune evasion to a multidisciplinary collaborative treatment framework for "homotherapy for heteropathy" in liver metastases].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2026Review
- Circulating Proteins for Pretreatment Risk Stratification in Image-guided Liver Therapy.Radiology. Imaging cancer · 2026Article
- Local and systemic cytokine signatures for outcome prediction after transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma.Theranostics · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
17 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background & Aims: The combination of locoregional therapies (LRT) with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is expected to enhance immune-mediated anti-tumor effects. Although clinical trials are underway, an unmet need exists to understand the immunological effects of LRT and how they evolve. This study aimed to longitudinally assess immune cell subpopulations and checkpoint expression after LRT. Methods: This prospective, single-center study (DRKS00026994) enrolled 128 consecutive patients with unresectable HCC, who underwent conventional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE), interstitial high-dose-rate brachytherapy (iBT), or a combination of cTACE and iBT (from July 2020 to September 2021). Peripheral blood samples were collected at baseline, 1 day after LRT, and 2 months after LRT. Immune cells were quantified using spectral flow cytometry. Immune cell subpopulations and checkpoint molecule expression were compared longitudinally and among treatment groups. Cluster analyses were used to explore immune profiles and their relationship with treatment response. Results: Changes in absolute immune cell counts were detected 1 day after LRT, which largely diminished by 2 months. Myeloid populations increased significantly, whereas most lymphoid cells decreased after LRT. However, relative proportions of anti-tumoral CD56 Conclusions: LRT induce an early pro-inflammatory immune response with increased myeloid, CTLA-4 Impact and implications: Combining locoregional therapies (LRT) with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) aims to enhance immune-mediated anti-tumor effects. However, potential immunological targets remain unknown. Immune profiling could be facilitated as a tool to predict tumor response to LRT and may inform personalized treatment planning, selecting patients who may benefit from an additional ICI therapy. The study's design may guide future investigations to identify the temporal dynamics of immune cell alterations following LRT to identify the appropriate time point to co-administer the ICI application. Clinical trial number: DRKS00026994 (https://drks.de/search/de/trial/DRKS00026994).
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