ReviewRSC advances2025
Integrating ionic liquids and catalytic processes for enhanced biomass conversion technologies.
Review in RSC advances, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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4 authors.
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Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant, renewable feedstock for the sustainable production of fuels and high-value chemicals. Ionic Liquids (ILs), with their low vapor pressure, adjustable polarity, and ability to breakdown resistant biopolymers, have emerged as "designer" solvents and catalysts for biomass processing. This review begins by surveying the key physicochemical features and classifications of ILs: protic, aprotic, acidic, basic, neutral, and functionalized, before delving into their involvement in biomass breakdown, pretreatment, and solution-state characterisation. The following sections examine IL-mediated hydrolysis and dehydration strategies for converting cellulose, hemicellulose, and simple sugars into platform molecules such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), furfural, levulinic acid, and formic acid, emphasizing typical yields (up to 99% for HMF and 96.6% for levulinic acid) and reaction conditions (80-180 °C, minutes to hours). In parallel, this paper discussed about catalytic systems polyoxometalate (POM) acids, vanadium salts (
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