Soft, conformal tissue-electrode interfaces for bioelectronic devices: material, fabrication strategies, and applications.

Conformal tissue-electrode interfaces play a vital role in the long-term high-performance operation of bioelectronic devices, enabling continuous health monitoring, precise diagnosis, and personalized therapeutics as well as human-machine interfaces in the form of electronic skin (E-skin) and prostheses. Softness and mechanical deformability of the tissue-electrode interface minimize the damage to the target tissue and allow long-term efficient signal transmission through conformal integration with dynamically moving and curved organs. We herein summarize the recent advances in the tissue-electrode interfaces for bioelectronic devices with a focus on materials, fabrication, and applications. First, we discuss material design strategies to achieve stretchable, conductive materials. Next, we present novel fabrication techniques that fulfill the requirements of tissue-electrode interfaces. Subsequently, we present the applications of these strategies to tissue-electrode interfaces, demonstrating the advancements in the functional properties of these interfaces. Finally, we conclude with a summary and a discussion on the remaining challenges and future prospects of tissue-electrode interfaces.