Supervised machine learning identifies impaired mitochondrial quality control in β cells with development of type 2 diabetes.

In type 2 diabetes (T2D), molecular pathways driving β cell failure are difficult to resolve with standard single cell analysis. Here we developed an interpretable, supervised machine learning framework that couples sparse rule-based classification (SnakeClassifier), pathway constrained modelling (BlackSwanClassifier), and β cell mitochondrial fitness stratification (Kolmogorov-Arnold Neural Networks KANN), linking and integrating them into disease mechanisms in single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) from 52 human donors. SnakeClassifier trained on 50 genes accurately predicted T2D at single cell resolution, outperforming classical ensemble machine learning classifier models, and yielded donor level diabetes scores that correlated with chronic hyperglycemia. The clustering of β cell populations (β1-4) revealed a resilient non-diabetic (ND) β1 subtype characterized by preserved β cell identity genes and lower disease risk, whereas T2D β2-4 subtypes exhibited upregulation of genes involved in cellular and mitochondrial stress and suppression of genes promoting oxidative phosphorylation and insulin secretion. Mitophagy emerged as the dominant program linked to T2D and a mitophagy focused BlackSwanClassifier nominated