Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41273416›Full record

ArticleDiabetologia2026

CXCR3 expression on antigen-experienced B cells is systemically dysregulated in type 1 diabetes.

Joanne Boldison, Pia Leete, Emma J Robinson, Wendy Powell, Joanne Davies, Conor McMullan, Sophie L Walker, Noel G Morgan, Stephanie J Hanna, F Susan Wong

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Diabetologia, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Joanne BoldisonDepartment of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK. j.boldison@exeter.ac.uk.
Pia LeeteDepartment of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
Emma J RobinsonDivision of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
Wendy PowellDivision of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
Joanne DaviesDivision of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
Conor McMullanDepartment of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
Sophie L WalkerDepartment of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
Noel G MorganDepartment of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
Stephanie J HannaDivision of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
F Susan WongDivision of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK. wongfs@cardiff.ac.uk.

Funding

Diabetes Research and Wellness Foundation SCA/PP/12/21Diabetes UK 18/0005805Diabetes UK 22/0006378JDRF 2-SRA-2024-1473-M-NJDRF 2-SRA-2024-1474-M-NLeona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust 2303-06709
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aims/hypothesisThe chemokine receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor type 3 (CXCR3) is a key chemoattractant molecule that facilitates the migration of activated T cells to the pancreas, leading to beta cell death. In this study, we investigated CXCR3 responses in B cells during type 1 diabetes progression.

methodsPeripheral blood samples were obtained from individuals with recent-onset and long-duration type 1 diabetes, who were age- and sex-matched to non-diabetic donors. We isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and examined changes in CXCR3 expression on lymphocytes from donors, performing multiparameter flow cytometry and functional cell culture assays. Human post-mortem pancreatic tissue was obtained from the Exeter Archival Diabetes Biobank. Immunofluorescence staining was used to assess CXCR3 expression in pancreatic tissues.

resultsWe observed reduced CXCR3 expression on antigen-experienced B cells in individuals with a long duration of type 1 diabetes, although B cells remained responsive to IFNγ. In individuals who were recently diagnosed, IFNγ treatment resulted in increased CXCR3 expression compared with B cells from non-diabetic donors. B cells in pancreases that were recovered post-mortem from young recent-onset donors lacked CXCR3 expression, but co-staining to detect CD8 CONCLUSIONS/

interpretationWe conclude that the CXCR3 response in antigen-experienced B cells is dysregulated during the progression of type 1 diabetes. CXCR3 expression is limited in CD20

Indexed as

B-LymphocytesDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1Receptors, CXCR3AdultCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesFemaleHumansInterferon-gammaLeukocytes, MononuclearMaleMiddle AgedPancreasYoung AdultCXCR3 protein, humanInterferon-gammaReceptors, CXCR3Antigen-experienced B cellsCXCR3Lymphocyte migrationType 1 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID41273416
PMCPMC12779670

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.