Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41273336›Full record

ReviewEpilepsia2026

WONOEP XVII appraisal: The immunopathogenesis of epilepsy.

Nihan Çarçak, Said Al Maawal, Peravina Thergarajan, Tracie H L Tan, Vinod Kumar Mehta, Tamara Baker, David C Henshall, Aristea S Galanopoulou, Özlem Akman, Pablo M Casillas-Espinosa and 3 more

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Epilepsia, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Nihan ÇarçakDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Said Al MaawalDepartment of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Peravina ThergarajanDepartment of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Tracie H L TanDepartment of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Vinod Kumar MehtaDepartment of Neurology, Geetanjali Medical University, Udaipur, India.
Tamara BakerDepartment of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
David C HenshallDepartment of Physiology and Medical Physics and FutureNeuro Research Ireland Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6237-9632
Aristea S GalanopoulouAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0472-2903
Özlem AkmanDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Demiroglu Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Pablo M Casillas-EspinosaDepartment of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6199-9415
Raman SankarDepartment of Neurology and Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Laura LibrizziDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Epileptology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2741-4452
Adam E HandelNuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

Funding

SUPPORT FOR THE ROSE F KENNEDY IDDRC P50P50HD105352 · NICHD · ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE · PI SOPHIE MOLHOLM, Steven Upshaw Walkley · 2021 to 2026
$7.0M
Department of Defense USA Epilepsy Research Program EP200022Department of Defense USA Epilepsy Research Program EP220067FutureNeuro 16/RC/3948FutureNeuro 21/RC/10294_P2Health Institutes of Türkiye 35809Italian Health Ministry RF-2021 12372526Medical Research Council MR/X022013/1Monash Future Leader Fellowship FLPF24-0237761657MRFF MRF1201781NICHD NIH HHS P50 HD105352NINDS NS127524 EP220067NINDS NS127524 HT9425-24-1-0134NINDS NS127524 W81XWH-22-1-0210NINDS NS127524 W81XWH-22-1-0510Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University 40486UCB
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

There is a wealth of data indicating that the immune system plays an important role in seizure disorders. This includes autoimmune encephalitis, in which an immune response directed against neuronal antigens results in brain inflammation and subsequent seizure activity, as well as autoimmune-associated epilepsy and neuroinflammatory changes detected in the tissues of patients with epilepsy, in which context it is often difficult to distinguish whether the inflammation is causal or a consequence of the seizures. Here, we summarize the discussion on this topic held during the XVII Workshop on Neurobiology of Epilepsy (WONOEP XVII), organized in 2023 by the Neurobiology Commission of the International League Against Epilepsy on the topic of the extracellular space in epilepsy. This critical appraisal explores the progress, emerging concepts, and discussion on the immunopathogenesis of epilepsy, with a particular focus on the interplay between the immune system and the central nervous system, highlighting the role of autoimmunity, neuroinflammation, and neuroimmunological processes in the etiology of various epileptic disorders and the prospects for new therapies.

Indexed as

EpilepsyAnimalsAutoimmunityEncephalitisHumansNeuroinflammatory Diseasesautoimmunityepilepsyin vivo modelsneuroinflammationpatient‐derived autoantibodiesseizures

Identifiers

PMID41273336
PMCPMC13007836

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.