ReviewBiomarker research2025
Glioma tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy: past, present, and future.
Review in Biomarker research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Systemic and local dysregulation of the complement system in glioma: a comprehensive systematic review.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- Immune niches in brain tumors: glial-immune cell interactions and spatial microdomains.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2026Review
- MET-associated immune prognostic signature predicts survival and guides personalized therapy in glioma.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Spatiotemporal cancer controlNanomedicine (London, England) · 2026Review
- Review
- Precision Immunotherapeutics for Glioblastoma: Current Approaches and Emerging Strategies in 2026.Cells · 2026Review
- Overcoming Chemoresistance in Glioblastoma: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Strategies, and Functional Precision Medicine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Propofol and Glioblastoma Biology: A Narrative Review of Perioperative Clinical Evidence and PI3K/AKT-Wnt-miRNA, GABA-A, and Immune-Checkpoint Pathways.BioMed research international · 2026Review
- Beyond morphology: imaging the glioblastoma microenvironment in the era of quantitative neuro-oncology.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- UCP2 Identifies Immunosuppressive Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Is Associated with Predicted Immunotherapy Resistance in Glioma.Oncology research · 2026Article
- The dynamic myeloid-enriched microenvironment of glioblastoma: a major challenge to immunotherapy efficacy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Reshaping the immunosuppressive glioma microenvironment: mechanisms, biomarkers, and emerging immunotherapies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Gliomas constitute a major category of primary brain malignancies, characterized by limited therapeutic options and generally poor prognoses. Despite the promising outcomes of immunotherapies, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), in various cancers, their clinical efficacy in gliomas has remained modest. This limited efficacy is largely attributed to the brain's immune-privileged status and the profoundly immunosuppressive nature of the glioma tumor microenvironment (TME). These challenges underscore the urgent need to improve understanding of the glioma TME and to develop innovative strategies that enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in glioma immunobiology and immunotherapy, with emphasis on ongoing clinical trials and emerging combinatorial strategies. Current efforts to combine ICIs with modalities such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy are highlighted, aiming to remodel the TME, improve antigen presentation, and stimulate more robust antitumor immune responses. The evolving landscape of glioma immunotherapy offers renewed hope for enhanced patient outcomes.Clinical trial registration Not applicable.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.