ArticleParasites & vectors2025
Evidence of secondary anopheline vectors in sustaining malaria transmission in Kokrajhar District, Assam, Northeastern India.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Rising burden of Plasmodium vivax in Mizoram: an emerging threat to malaria elimination in Northeast India.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Anopheles maculatus s.l as potential malaria vectors with opportunistic feeding in Meghalaya, Northeast India.Scientific reports · 2026Article
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9 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundIn the northeastern region of India, perennial malaria transmission persists in certain hotspots in areas geographically adjacent to the international borders with Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, where both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum coexist, particularly in remote, forested, and inaccessible areas. This northeastern landscape harbors a wide diversity of anopheline vector species; Anopheles minimus and Anopheles baimaii are the traditional primary vectors of malaria. The extensive deployment of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying as traditional vector control strategies has resulted in regional and temporal changes in species composition, specifically An. minimus and An. baimaii, and their resting and feeding behavior. Despite the reduced abundance of these primary anopheline vectors, the persistence of malaria suggests the involvement of additional anopheline species. Secondary malaria vectors may also play a role in transmitting malaria, along with primary malaria vectors, and are widely distributed across northeastern India. Secondary malaria vectors have significantly lower sporozoite rates compared with primary malaria vectors, yet are capable of sustaining malaria transmission in a specific region. This study aimed to investigate the sporozoite positivity of secondary anopheline species in the high-malaria-endemic district of Kokrajhar, Assam, in northeastern India.
methodsDuring the study period, 1794 female mosquitoes representing five genera in Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, Mansonia, and Armigeres were collected using three methods: CDC light trap collection, indoor resting collection using the mouth aspiration method, and pyrethrum spray captures. Morphologically identified Anopheles maculatus group specimens were validated by polymerase chain reaction targeting the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 region within the nuclear ribosomal DNA and referred to as An. maculatus, a species of the Maculatus Group of subgenus Cellia (Diptera: Culicidae).
resultsThe Plasmodium positivity (Percent, number/total number) was highest in An. maculatus (4%; 5/80), followed by An. minimus (4.8%; 1/21), and Anopheles kochi (4.6%; 1/22). These results suggest that anopheline species beyond the traditionally recognized primary vectors, such as An. minimus and An. baimaii, may play a role in sustaining malaria transmission in endemic areas of northeastern India.
conclusionsRecognizing and integrating the behavior and ecology of secondary vectors into malaria control programs is essential for the development and deployment of more targeted and sustainable vector control strategies.
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