ArticleScientific reports2025
Safe image transmission with hybrid quantum key-genetic encryption via spatial modulation assisted NOMA.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
This manuscript presents a secure and spectrally efficient Spatial Modulation (SM)-based Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) system for two-user downlink 5G wireless communication. The proposed SM-NOMA shows significant improvements in spectral efficiency and energy savings by activating only one transmit antenna per symbol duration and all other remaining antennas remain silent, reducing hardware complexity and RF chain usage compared to traditional Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) systems. In terms of detection strategy, the weak user employs Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) to directly decode its signal, as it receives higher power and does not need interference cancellation. Conversely, the strong user first applies MRC to detect the weak user's signal, performs Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) to remove the weak user's contribution, and then applies MRC again to decode its own signal. This approach balances complexity and performance, offering practical implementation benefits. Additionally, the system includes optimized power allocation to manage interference and maintain user fairness. The proposed SM-NOMA system performance is evaluated using Bit Error Rate (BER), outage probability, and the spectral efficiency under imperfect CSI and imperfect SIC conditions. SM-NOMA outperforms conventional NOMA by significantly reducing BER, lowering outage probability and enhancing spectral efficiency. At a transmit power of 25 dBm, in the case of User 1 the BER is improved from 10
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