ArticleBrain, behavior, and immunity2026
Diagnosis of depression in adolescence signals improved inflammatory health in adulthood: Results from a nationally representative longitudinal study.
Article in Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveChildhood maltreatment increases subsequent risk for major depressive disorder (MDD), potentially through inflammatory pathways. The timely diagnosis and treatment of MDD may thus interrupt the association between inflammation and depressive symptoms, but diagnosis is frequently delayed. Additionally, sex-differences may affect timely diagnosis and treatment, contributing to differences in inflammation and depressive symptoms as individuals age.
methodWe used data from the nationally representative National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health to examine how diagnosis of MDD in adolescence vs. adulthood affected associations between childhood maltreatment, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and depressive symptoms in adulthood. We used path analysis to examine associations between these variables and then tested for sex differences by moderating pathways by sex.
resultsChildhood maltreatment increased the risk of being diagnosed with MDD at any time, and being diagnosed with MDD was associated with greater depressive symptoms in adulthood. Diagnosis of MDD at any time was associated with greater depressive symptoms, but diagnosis of MDD in adolescence was associated with lower CRP levels relative to diagnosis in adulthood. Sex differences analysis indicated that CRP was greatest for males diagnosed in adulthood despite females being diagnosed in adulthood having a greater body mass index.
conclusionThese data demonstrate that diagnosing MDD in adolescence was associated with better inflammatory health in adulthood. Diagnosing and treating depression sooner after symptom onset may thus improve overall prognosis, particularly for males, and potentially reduce the risk for other inflammation-related conditions as well.
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