ArticleSchizophrenia research2026
Epidemiological analysis of schizophrenia and incarceration: A multi-center exploration of the criminalization of mental illness in the United States.
Article in Schizophrenia research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Challenging the prescientific frameworks of criminal justice: neurobiology and criminolytic interventions in the legalome era.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThis study investigates the diagnostic relationship between schizophrenia and incarceration and elucidates a temporal relationship between these conditions.
methodsThis analysis utilized TriNetX (December 2024), querying 60+ U.S. Healthcare Organizations using ICD-10-CM codes to compare the prevalence ratio (PR) of schizophrenia in patients with and without electronic health record (EHR) documented incarceration, and conversely, to compare the PR of incarceration in patients with and without schizophrenia. An additional cumulative incidence ratio (CIR) analysis was performed to compare cumulative incidence of incarceration after schizophrenia diagnosis to that of incarceration before diagnosis.
resultsOf 80,224 patients with incarceration history, 7.35 % had schizophrenia, compared to 0.36 % among those without incarceration (PR: 20.3, 95 % C.I. 19.8-20.8). Of 423,270 people with schizophrenia, 1.4 % had incarceration history compared to 0.06 % among people without schizophrenia (PR: 21.6, 95 % C.I. 21.0-22.1). Schizophrenia followed incarceration in 1.5 % of cases, while incarceration followed schizophrenia in 0.93 % (CIR: 0.62 %, 95 % C.I. 0.53-0.71 %).
conclusionsSchizophrenia is overrepresented in incarcerated populations, and incarceration may be a risk factor for schizophrenia presentation. Adopting a medicalized approach to criminal justice may help alleviate the U.S.'s mass incarceration crisis.
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