ArticlePLOS global public health2025
Barriers and facilitators to integrating tuberculosis treatment into community pharmacies for people with TB/HIV in Kampala, Uganda: A qualitative study.
Article in PLOS global public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Tailoring TB services for improved treatment adherence in Ghana - A mixed-methods study.Journal of public health research · 2026Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Community pharmacies (private retail drug shops or pharmacies) have proven successful for delivering anti-retroviral therapy to people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Leveraging this model for tuberculosis (TB) treatment integration could improve access to both TB and HIV treatment among people with TB/HIV. We identified the barriers and facilitators to integrating TB treatment into community pharmacies for people with TB/HIV in Kampala, Uganda, using a qualitative study across six public health facilities. Participants included people with TB/HIV; healthcare providers (HCPs) from the six facilities and their affiliated community pharmacies; and experts from the Ministry of Health. Data were collected through interviews guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). We performed framework analysis and mapped the emergent sub-themes to the relevant CFIR domains. We enrolled 47 participants: six TB focal persons, six HIV focal persons, nine pharmacy HCPs, three Ministry of Health staff, and 23 people with TB/HIV. Major facilitators included the convenience of accessing both TB and HIV treatment at a single location; enhanced privacy and reduced stigma; improved accessibility through extended hours, shorter wait times, and proximity; readiness of community pharmacy HCPs to deliver TB treatment; willingness of people with TB/HIV to engage in self-managed care; and training of pharmacy HCPs in TB care. Key barriers included unclear eligibility criteria for enrolling people with TB/HIV, absence of TB counseling services at pharmacies, inadequate infrastructure for TB drug storage, limited confidence among pharmacy HCPs in delivering TB care, and unclear logistics and operational procedures for implementation. Therefore, context-specific interventions that are developed in collaboration with key stakeholders, address barriers like eligibility criteria refinement, enhanced pharmacy HCP training, and financial incentives, and leverage facilitators like policy support and stakeholder readiness, are needed for the successful integration of TB treatment into community pharmacies for people with TB/HIV in Uganda.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.