Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41269389›Full record

ArticleBreast cancer research and treatment2025

Chronic inflammatory diseases and survival among breast cancer patients in the U.S. military health system.

Jie Lin, Stanley Lipkowitz, Hai Hu, Matthew Nealeigh, Craig D Shriver, Kangmin Zhu

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Article in Breast cancer research and treatment, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Jie LinDepartment of Surgery, Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. jie.lin.ctr@usuhs.edu.
Stanley LipkowitzWomen's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Hai HuDepartment of Surgery, Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Matthew NealeighDepartment of Surgery, Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Craig D ShriverDepartment of Surgery, Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Kangmin ZhuDepartment of Surgery, Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. kangmin.zhu@usuhs.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeThere have been few studies on the relationship between chronic inflammatory diseases and breast cancer outcome. We evaluated the relationship between chronic inflammatory diseases and survival among breast cancer patients in the U.S. military health system (MHS), a universal healthcare system.

methodsThe study used the Military Cancer Epidemiology database (MilCanEpi), which linked databases from the Department of War's Central Cancer Registry (CCR) and the Military Health System (MHS) Data Repository (MDR). A total of 33 chronic inflammatory diseases were identified. A time-dependent Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of death associated with chronic inflammatory diseases while adjusting for potential confounders.

resultsThe final data included 14,258 patients with histologically confirmed primary breast cancer. Among them, 7883 had a diagnosis of chronic inflammatory diseases at or after breast cancer and 6375 had no diagnosis at any time in the data. A diagnosis of chronic inflammatory diseases was independently associated with a significantly increased risk of all-cause death after adjustment for confounders (adjusted HR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.56-1.98). Notably, the increased risk of death associated with the inflammatory diseases persisted among stage-IV patients who usually died of breast cancer. The association was also observed regardless of age, comorbidity, hormone receptor status, timing of disease diagnosis relative to breast cancer diagnosis, or other characteristics.

conclusionChronic inflammation, characterized by chronic inflammatory diseases, was independently associated with increased all-cause death among breast cancer patients in MHS. Future research with cancer-specific death as the outcome is warranted.

Indexed as

Breast NeoplasmsInflammationAdultAgedChronic DiseaseFemaleHumansMiddle AgedMilitary HealthMilitary PersonnelProportional Hazards ModelsRegistriesUnited StatesYoung AdultBreast cancerChronic inflammatory diseasesSurvivalThe U.S. Military Health SystemUniversal healthcare access

Identifiers

PMID41269389

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