ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2026
Damp housing conditions as a determinant of psychological distress: a longitudinal analysis of the British Household Panel Survey.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Limited evidence exists regarding whether damp housing contributes to psychological distress. This study aimed to quantify the relationship between damp housing exposure and psychological distress. Data from the British Household Panel Survey (1996-2008) were used to assess the effect of damp housing on psychological distress in British households (n = 9189 at baseline). Indoor dampness exposure was measured using multiple indicators (condensation, leaky roof, rot, and damp walls/floors) and a measure of severity that quantified the number of exposures. Psychological distress was measured using a binary variable derived from the General Health Questionnaire. Multivariate fixed effects logistic regression models analyzed the hypothesized associations. Exposure to damp housing was associated with increased odds of psychological distress (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.05-1.14; P < .01). Condensation was the strongest predictor (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.03-1.13; P < .01). With each additional dampness indicator, odds of psychological distress increased by 4% (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02-1.07; P < .01). Among combinations of dampness indicators, the strongest association was for condensation and rot in windows/floors (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.11-1.40; P < .01). These findings suggest damp housing exposure may increase the risk of psychological distress. Further research should investigate underlying mechanisms.
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