ReviewFrontiers in endocrinology2025
Bone metastases in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: a narrative review of presentation, diagnosis and management.
Review in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Bone metastases (BM) are a frequent and clinically relevant manifestation in patients with metastatic pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (mPPGL). Objective: This narrative review aims to summarize the current understanding of the pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, complications, quality of life impact, and management of BM in mPPGL. Summary: Bone and lymph nodes are among the most common metastatic sites in malignant PPGL. Skeletal involvement-particularly in paragangliomas-is associated with a high incidence of skeletal-related events (SREs), including pathological fractures, spinal cord compression, and pain. These complications lead to reduced mobility, loss of independence, and decreased survival. Advances in functional and anatomical imaging have improved detection, but optimal management remains complex and requires a multidisciplinary approach. Conclusion: Recognizing patients at higher risk and understanding the biological mechanisms underlying bone dissemination are essential to optimize diagnosis, prevent SREs, and improve outcomes in this rare and challenging disease.
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