ReviewFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2025
West Nile virus unmasked: from gene variability to future challenges.
Review in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Forgotten in the tropics: research on Culex mosquitoes is overshadowed in malaria and dengue-endemic regions.Parasites & vectors · 2026Pooled it
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne orthoflavivirus with a complex transmission cycle involving avian reservoirs and mosquito vectors. Although no precise global infection figure exists, conservative estimates based on seroprevalence data suggest between 4 and 16 million infections annually. With an approximate mortality rate of 6-7% among reported cases, WNV poses a significant public health concern across continents. This review provides a comprehensive overview of WNV molecular biology, including genome organization, protein maturation, replication mechanisms, the functional roles of untranslated regions (UTRs) and post-translational modifications in viral adaptation. Particular attention is given to intrahost genetic variability and the quasispecies nature of WNV as key drivers of immune evasion and viral evolution. The ecological and epidemiological dynamics of WNV are also discussed in the context of climate change and its impact on vector distribution and global viral spread. Additionally, the review details clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnostic tools, and current therapeutic strategies. Emerging approaches for prevention and control are explored, including entomological surveillance, vaccine development, and novel antiviral candidates such as targeted peptides, antibodies and lethal mutagenesis. Given the pressing challenges associated with WNV, this review underscores the importance of integrated One Health surveillance systems and accelerated vaccine development to mitigate future outbreaks, highlighting the intersection of virology, immunology, ecology, and global health.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.