Different Protocols of Circadian Rhythm Disruptions Differentially Affect Locomotor Activity, and Anxiety- and Compulsive-Like Behaviors in Male vs. Female Wistar Rats along with the Significant Involvement of GSK-3β in Females.

Sogand Adibian, Elmira Dehghani, Zeinab Dalil-Housh, Atefeh Motamedi-Manesh, Hamed Moradi, Shadi Hajizamani, Salar Vaseghi

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Article in Molecular neurobiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

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1 citing paper in PubMed.

Sex-Dependent Effects of Circadian Rhythm Disruptions on Novel Object Recognition Memory, Locomotion, Pain Threshold, Rearing Behavior, and BDNF and GSK-3β Hippocampal Levels in Rats.Behavioural neurology · 2026
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7 authors.

Sogand AdibianScience and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

Elmira DehghaniDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran.

Zeinab Dalil-HoushDepartment of Psychology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.

Atefeh Motamedi-ManeshSchool of Psychology, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran.

Hamed MoradiDepartment of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

Shadi HajizamaniDepartment of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

Salar VaseghiMedicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran. vaseghi@imp.ac.ir.

Funding

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6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Evidence has shown that disturbances in the circadian rhythms including sleep/wake cycle significantly affect cognitive and behavioral functions. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different protocols of circadian rhythm disruptions (CRD) on behavioral performance in the open field test and marble burying test, and on the expression level of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) in the medial prefrontal cortex of both sexes of rats. CRD was performed in various protocols including 2 days of constant light (2DL) and constant darkness (2DD), 1 and 2 weeks of constant light (1WL and 2WL) and constant darkness (1WD and 2WD), and 1 and 2 weeks of mixed constant light and constant darkness (1WM and 2WM). The results showed that locomotion, rearing, and sniffing were increased in some groups of both sexes. In male rats, only some constant light or mixed protocols (but not constant darkness protocols) affected locomotor activity, rearing, and sniffing. Anxiety-like behavior was increased in all groups of both sexes (except 1WD female rats). Burying marbles was increased in all male and female groups, except 1WD in both sexes and 2WD in males. GSK-3β was increased in all constant light and mixed protocols in males, and in all groups in females. In conclusion, the present study showed sex-dependent effects of CRD on behavior and GSK-3β. Males were more sensitive to constant light or mixed protocols than constant darkness. Also, a significant correlation between GSK-3β levels and behavioral alterations was shown only in female rats, according to Spearman correlation analysis.

Indexed as

AnxietyCircadian RhythmGlycogen Synthase Kinase 3 betaLocomotionSex CharacteristicsAnimalsBehavior, AnimalFemaleMaleRatsRats, WistarGlycogen Synthase Kinase 3 betaAnxiety-like behaviorCircadian rhythmGlycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β)Locomotor activityOCD-like behaviorSex difference

Identifiers

PMID41266829

DOI10.1016/j.bbr.2015.02.010

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