Observational studyPediatric research2026
Risk factors for emergence delirium in infant-toddlers undergoing sevoflurane anesthesia and its impact on negative postoperative behavioral changes.
Observational study in Pediatric research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Multimodal strategies for alleviating postoperative pain in children: a narrative review on research progress and evidence-based practice.Translational pediatrics · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSevoflurane anesthesia is employed as the standard protocol for pediatric patients undergoing fundus examination. This study investigates the incidence of emergence delirium (ED) and its risk factors in this population, and explores the relationship between ED and negative postoperative behavioral changes (NPOBC).
methodsA prospective observational study was conducted from May to September 2024, involving 155 children aged 0-3 years undergoing fundus examination under general anesthesia. Patient and surgery-related data were recorded. ED was assessed using the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale, with logistic regression identifying associated factors. Postoperative behaviors were evaluated one week later using the Post-Hospital Behavior Questionnaire for Ambulatory Surgery (PHBQ-AS), with linear regression analyzing the relationship between ED and NPOBC.
resultsIn 155 patients, ED incidence was 51%. In the 96 followed-up, NPOBC one week postoperatively was seen in 30.2%. Risk factors for ED included prenatal medical history (OR = 3.70, 95% CI 1.31-10.40, P = 0.013), anesthesia exposure (OR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.36-2.20, P < 0.001), preoperative anxiety (OR = 2.35, 95% CI 1.40-3.94, P = 0.001), and postoperative pain (OR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.31-2.19, P < 0.001). Increased negative behavioral scale scores were associated with anesthesia exposure (B = 0.260, 95% CI 0.123-0.396, P < 0.001) and ED occurrence (B = 1.420, 95% CI 0.598-2.234, P < 0.001).
conclusionOur study shows a high incidence of negative emotions and behaviors. Future research should focus on optimizing postoperative analgesia and preoperative anti-anxiety interventions for this high-risk group, and further exploring the connections among anesthesia exposure, ED and NPOBC. IMPACT: Our study showed a high incidence of negative emotions and behaviors (emergence delirium and postoperative behavioral changes) in minimally invasive fundus examinations under total inhalation anesthesia. Risk factors for emergence delirium are prenatal medical history, anesthesia exposure, preoperative anxiety and postoperative pain. Higher negative behavior scores were associated with anesthesia exposure and emergence delirium. This is the first study to explore the incidence and risk factors of behavioral abnormalities in infants and preterm children after general anesthesia, making it easier to spot high-risk kids having fundus exams and to fine-tune anesthesia and perioperative care for short, minimally invasive procedures.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41266770What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.