ArticleBritish journal of anaesthesia2026
Association of the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome and adverse outcomes after noncardiac surgery.
Article in British journal of anaesthesia, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Metaflammation and Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome: A Unifying Framework for the Cardiac Anesthesiologists.Annals of cardiac anaesthesia · 2026Article
- Cohort profile: PeRiOperative sTress risk assEssment and Clinical decision cohorT (PROTECT), a multi-center observational study based on real-world data.BMC geriatrics · 2026Observational
- Application of predicting risk of cardiovascular disease events equations on postoperative major adverse cardiac and cerebral events for patients undergoing thoracic surgery.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: The evolving perioperative implications.Journal of anaesthesiology, clinical pharmacologyArticle
- Prevalence and Risk Factors of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome in Noncardiac Surgery Patients.Kidney diseases (Basel, Switzerland)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFifteen percent of US adults have advanced stages of the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome. The association between advanced stages of CKM and adverse surgical outcomes is not well established.
methodsThis retrospective cohort study used US Medicare data between 2017 and 2020 for patients ≥65 yr old who underwent major noncardiac surgery. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between CKM stages and the primary outcome, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Secondary outcomes were mortality and non-home discharges. Disparities by race, ethnicity, and sex were also examined.
resultsAmong 2 129 997 surgeries (mean age: 75 yr [65-112]; 52% female), 274 574 (12.9%) were undertaken in patients with CKM Stage 0 (no risk factors). CKM Stage 3 (subclinical cardiovascular disease) was recorded in surgeries involving 37 031 individuals (1.74%); 537 894 (25.3%) surgeries were undertaken in individuals with Stage 4 CKM (established cardiovascular disease, with metabolic risk factors, chronic kidney disease, or both). Advanced stages of CKM ≥3 were independently associated with increased risk of MACE (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] range: 1.70-3.42), mortality (AOR range: 1.52-3.61), and non-home discharge (AOR range: 1.98-4.25), compared with patients without CKM (all P<0.001). Black, Hispanic, and female individuals did not have a higher risk of MACE compared with White or male individuals with the same CKM stage.
conclusionsAdvanced stages of CKM were associated with a higher risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, mortality, and non-home discharge, but this was unrelated to race, ethnicity, or sex.
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