ArticleJMIR public health and surveillance2025
Digital Survey-Based Tracing of COVID-19 Over the Early Pandemic: Comprehensive Geospatial and Symptomatic Analysis in Lebanon.
Article in JMIR public health and surveillance, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: In response to the early spread of COVID-19 in Lebanon, the University of Balamand developed the HAYATI app, a community-focused, geographic information system (GIS)-based digital health platform aimed at enhancing public health surveillance. At the time, while the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health utilized centralized dashboards to report confirmed cases and monitor national trends, no interactive tool existed to engage the public directly in real-time risk assessment and surveillance, especially in underserved regions. Objective: The aim of this study was to design, implement, and evaluate the effectiveness of the HAYATI app as a GIS-integrated digital surveillance tool to identify high-risk individuals and support targeted testing and contact tracing during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon. Methods: The HAYATI app was launched in March 2020 using ArcGIS Survey123 and real-time dashboards, incorporating a risk scoring algorithm based on 21 clinical and behavioral criteria. Between April 2020 and March 2021, self-reported data were collected from 10,235 individuals across Lebanon. Participants identified as high or major risk through the automated scoring algorithm were referred for free polymerase chain reaction testing at the University of Balamand. Test results were securely communicated to local municipalities and the Ministry of Public Health. Data were analyzed for associations between symptoms and positivity rates, as well as geographic and demographic trends using spatial analysis tools. Results: Of the 10,235 individuals who submitted data, 1782 were classified as high or major risk and referred for polymerase chain reaction testing. Among them, 394 (22.1%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Loss of smell and taste was strongly associated with positive test results (P<.001). The highest positivity rates were observed among individuals aged 18-29 years and in the North Governorate. GIS mapping enabled real-time visualization of case clusters, which informed localized containment responses. Conclusions: The HAYATI app effectively filled a critical surveillance gap during the early pandemic phase in Lebanon. By integrating GIS technology, automated risk stratification, and community-level engagement, it provided a scalable model for public health surveillance in resource-limited settings. This approach has potential for broader applications in managing future outbreaks and endemic diseases through decentralized, real-time digital health strategies.
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