ReviewInternational ophthalmology2025
Clinical applications of tacrolimus in the treatment of ocular diseases: a narrative literature review.
Review in International ophthalmology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dose-Sparing Topical Administration: FK506-Loaded Nano-Micelles Achieve Efficient Therapy in a Murine Model of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Innovative HPMC/PVP K90 Dissolving Microneedles Incorporating Tacrolimus-Loaded Cubosomes: A Novel Strategy for Managing Allergic Conjunctivitis.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Sodium Amide Eye Injury: Eye Injury After Sodium Amide Explosion.Case reports in ophthalmological medicine · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo narratively review clinical use of topical and periocular tacrolimus in ophthalmology, with emphasis on allergic keratoconjunctivitis (VKC/AKC), ocular GVHD, post‑keratoplasty prophylaxis, and selected keratitis/uveitis indications.
methodsNarrative search of PubMed/Scopus through October 2025 focusing on prospective, randomized, and comparative studies of topical/periocular tacrolimus; recent formulation advances (nanoemulsions, in‑situ gels, cyclodextrin complexes) were included.
resultsAcross VKC/AKC, tacrolimus (0.03-0.1% ointment; 0.05-0.1% solutions/suspensions) improves signs/symptoms and reduces steroid burden; comparative data suggest faster epithelial healing than topical corticosteroid in shield ulcers. In ocular GVHD, pilot randomized data demonstrate symptom relief with acceptable safety. Observational studies suggest benefit as post‑keratoplasty adjunct in high‑risk grafts. Emerging delivery systems address solubility, residence time, and tolerability and show promising preclinical pharmacokinetics.
conclusionTacrolimus is a practical steroid‑sparing therapy for severe ocular surface inflammation. Priority trials should be formulation‑specific with standardized outcomes and pharmacokinetic endpoints, alongside pediatric safety registries and head‑to‑head comparisons versus cyclosporine 2% and soft steroids.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.