Observational studyBMJ open2025
Development of the Social Relationship Expectations Scale: protocol for a multi-country, multi-method observational study.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
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Abstract
introductionWhile loneliness has been recognised as a global public health concern, there are still knowledge gaps about how to prevent or reduce loneliness. The Social Relationship Expectations (SRE) Framework (Akhter-Khan METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The scale will be developed using both inductive and deductive techniques in a multicountry observational study. First, items will be extracted from published qualitative studies on loneliness and SRE across 15 lower-middle-income countries and from a qualitative focus group study with older Myanmar and Thai adults. Second, using a Delphi process for item development, experts across five world regions (Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe and Oceania) will be involved in the item selection and scale creation process. A preliminary item pool will be administered in English, German and Chinese. Classical test theory as well as network analysis will be used to assess the dimensionality of the scale, understand item relationships and clusters, and select the final items for the SRE scale. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval for the scale development has been obtained from King's College London (reference number: MRSP-24/25-46512). Informed consent will be obtained from all participants prior to completing the cognitive interviews and online surveys. Results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals in collaboration with coauthors across different countries and disciplines.
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