Associations between religiosity and climate change beliefs and behaviours in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC).

Individual actions are crucial to mitigating the impact of anthropogenic climate change. Understanding the factors shaping individuals' climate beliefs and behaviours is therefore essential to help encourage sustainable action among the public. One such factor is religion, which - based on theoretical expectations and prior literature - could influence climate beliefs and behaviours, either positively or negatively. To understand the impact of religion in more detail, we used data from two generations of a large-scale longitudinal population-based UK birth cohort study (the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; ALSPAC). We explored whether a range of religious/spiritual beliefs and behaviours (religious belief, identity and attendance, in addition to latent classes of religiosity) were associated with a number of climate beliefs and behaviours (e.g., belief in, and concern over, climate change, and pro-environmental actions taken for climate change reasons), adjusted for a range of sociodemographic confounders. Analyses were repeated in three cohorts: the study offspring, their mothers, and the mother's partners. Overall, we observed a broadly 'U'-shaped or 'J'-shaped association between religiosity and climate beliefs and behaviours in the parental generation; participants with intermediate levels of religiosity displayed the lowest levels of belief, concern and behaviours, while the most religious participants displayed similar, and sometimes greater, awareness and actions relative to the least religious. These patterns were not replicated in the offspring generation, with little relationship observed between religion and climate questions. These results indicate a complex association between religion and climate beliefs and behaviours, which varies depending on the religion exposure, the climate outcome, and the generation. The reason for these findings is uncertain, although they perhaps suggest that, among the highly religious in the older generation, religious attendance may promote positive climate beliefs and behaviours.