Joint Microbiota Suggests Articular Dysbiosis in Experimental Murine Spondyloarthritis and Histological Detection of Bacteria in Human SpA Joints.

Background: Recent studies have provided evidence supporting the presence of a commensal joint microbiome; however, its role in the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis (SpA) remains unclear. This study aimed to characterize the joint microbiome and assess its role in bacterial dissemination and systemic involvement. Methods: DBA/1 mice with spontaneous arthritis (SpAD) and healthy BALB/c mice, as well as biopsies from SpA patients, were analyzed by histology (Gram staining and IHC), short-read next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene amplicons, and transcriptomics. Shared bacterial species were evaluated across tissues, including the liver and heart, and the colocalization of bacterial and inflammatory markers was assessed using double indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). Results: Bacteria were detected in the joints of healthy and SpAD mice, with significantly greater abundance in the latter. Microbiome analysis revealed distinct bacterial communities, with genera, such as Conclusions: These findings confirm the presence of bacteria in the joints of healthy and SpAD mice, as well as SpA patients. The joint microbiome differs between healthy and diseased mice, contributing to inflammation through dysregulated bacterial responses. Additionally, the identification of shared bacterial species between the gut and joints, as well as their detection in the liver and heart, supports the hypothesis of bacterial dissemination consistent with translocation and systemic involvement.