Zwitterionic Cellulose Hydrogels for Flexible Strain Sensors with Enhanced Sensing and Mechanical Performance.

Maryam Madani, Sedigheh Borandeh, Hossein Baniasadi, Fevzihan Basarir, Jaana Vapaavuori, Jukka Seppälä, Jukka Niskanen

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in ACS applied polymer materials, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

1citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

Dual-Network PVA/PAM Hydrogel Strain Sensor for Machine-Learning-Assisted Rehabilitation-Oriented Hand Motion Monitoring.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
Article

4 · The record

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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Maryam MadaniPolymer Synthesis Technology, Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland.

Sedigheh BorandehPolymer Synthesis Technology, Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1390-7336

Hossein BaniasadiPolymer Synthesis Technology, Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0463-337X

Fevzihan BasarirDepartment of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland.

Jaana VapaavuoriDepartment of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5923-0789

Jukka SeppäläPolymer Synthesis Technology, Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7943-3121

Jukka NiskanenPolymer Synthesis Technology, Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Conductive hydrogels combine flexibility, conductivity, and adaptability, making them ideal for flexible strain sensors. However, achieving multifunctional performance under freezing conditions remains challenging, as flexibility, adhesion, and conductivity often deteriorate at high or low temperatures. In this work, we introduce a polyzwitterion-hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) hydrogel that transforms into a freeze-resistant ion-conducting material. The mechanical properties and ion conductivity of this hydrogel are enhanced through an optimized composition, with HEC's structure playing a crucial role in its performance. The interconnected network, fortified by intermolecular forces and charged polar end groups, delivers exceptional properties, including a tensile strength of 54 kPa, a gauge factor of 1.63, and a response time of 2.11 s. These characteristics enable the hydrogel sensor to accurately monitor human motion, establishing an ideal platform for iontronics, soft robotics, and advanced health diagnostics.

Indexed as

AntifreezingCelluloseIon conductive hydrogelPolyzwitterionSelf-adhesionStrain sensor

Identifiers

PMID41262590

DOI10.1021/acsapm.5c03412

PMCPMC12624523

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.