Observational studyMedicine2025
Impact of clinical pharmacist-led pharmacotherapy on long-term outcomes in cardiovascular in-patients: A three-year cohort study.
Observational study in Medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Article
Corrections and comments
- Retracted
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although short-term benefits of clinical pharmacist involvement-such as improved medication adherence and risk-factor control-have been reported in cardiovascular patients, evidence on its impact on long-term outcomes remains limited and inconsistent. We retrospectively reviewed 100 in-patients with cardiovascular diseases treated at our center from January 2019 to December 2021 and followed them for 36 months (to December 2024). Patients were classified into a pharmacist-intervention group (n = 50) or a usual-care group (n = 50) according to the presence of pharmacist-led medication management. Baseline characteristics were comparable (all P > .46). Primary assessments included inappropriate medication rate, 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 sub-scores, blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol target attainment, cardiac-function indices (left-ventricular ejection fraction, left-ventricular end-diastolic diameter, and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide), drug-related adverse events, and 36-month major adverse cardiovascular events, all-cause readmission, and all-cause mortality. The pharmacist group showed a markedly lower overall rate of inappropriate prescriptions than usual care (8.0% vs 28.0%; χ2 = 6.783, P = .009). Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 scores for initiative, correctness, and medication knowledge were significantly higher (8.20 ± 0.58, 7.91 ± 0.49, 8.03 ± 0.73; all P = .001). At 36 months, blood pressure and left-ventricular ejection fraction targets were achieved more often (60.0% vs 36.0%, P = .016; 44.0% vs 24.0%, P = .034). Left-ventricular ejection fraction rose by an absolute 10.0 ± 8.5 percentage points from baseline (vs 4.5 ± 7.5 points with usual care, P < .001); reductions in left-ventricular end-diastolic diameter and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide were likewise greater (P = .011 and 0.009). Drug-related AEs occurred less frequently (8.0% vs 24.0%, P = .029). Major adverse cardiovascular events (10.0% vs 26.0%, P = .038) and all-cause readmission (16.0% vs 36.0%, P = .024) were reduced, whereas mortality did not differ significantly (2.0% vs 10.0%, P = .093). Over 3 years, pharmacist-led medication management significantly improved prescription appropriateness, medication adherence, risk-factor control, and cardiac-remodeling parameters, while reducing drug-related adverse events, major adverse cardiovascular events, and hospital readmissions. These findings support the integration of clinical pharmacists into routine cardiovascular care.
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