ArticleAesthetic plastic surgery2026
Global Dynamics in Cosmetic Tourism.
Article in Aesthetic plastic surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCosmetic tourism is becoming increasingly popular in aesthetic surgery. Some countries more frequently host patients from other countries, while others supply patients. However, longitudinal trends in cosmetic tourism are understudied. This study examined specific patterns in cosmetic tourism growth, market share, and procedure volumes.
methodsData on the number of procedures performed on cosmetic tourists from 2019-2023 was obtained from the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery public reports. Aesthetic procedure volumes and percentage changes in market share were calculated across all years. Countries were classified as "pure host," "pure origin," or "hybrid" countries (i.e., sharing features of both host and origin countries) based on frequency and rank of appearance. Additionally, host countries were grouped into clusters via hierarchical clustering, and differences in procedural volumes were calculated across clusters.
resultsThe percentage of aesthetic surgery procedures performed on international patients and the percent change in cosmetic tourism volume increased from 2019-2023 (r = 1.00; P < 0.001). Argentina, Brazil, and the United States of America showed the greatest growth in aesthetic procedure volumes and percent change in market share. Most countries were classified as "hybrid" countries. Finally, host country clusters significantly varied in the relative number of surgical versus non-surgical procedures performed.
conclusionsCosmetic tourism continues to gain popularity, with country-specific variations in aesthetic procedure volumes, market share, and surgical versus non-surgical procedure proportions. The majority of countries analyzed were classified as "hybrid," highlighting a complex interplay between patients arriving and leaving to undergo aesthetic surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Registered trials
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