Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41260151›Full record

ArticleMultiple sclerosis and related disorders2026

Associations between medication use and multiple domains of cognitive function in people with multiple Sclerosis.

Jeeyeon Kim, Keara M Ginell, Serena Marecle, Cory Wernimont, Tiffany J Braley, Dawn M Ehde, Kevin N Alschuler, Nora E Fritz, Anna L Kratz

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Jeeyeon KimDepartment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States. Electronic address: jeeyeonk@umich.edu.
Keara M GinellDepartment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
Serena MarecleDepartment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
Cory WernimontDepartment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
Tiffany J BraleyDepartment of Neurology, Divisions of Multiple Sclerosis/Neuroimmunology and Sleep Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
Dawn M EhdeDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
Kevin N AlschulerDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
Nora E FritzDepartment of Health Care Sciences, Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.
Anna L KratzDepartment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.

Funding

Optimizing detection and prediction of changes in cognitive function in multiple sclerosis with novel ambulatory assessment methodsR01HD102337 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI FRITZ, NORA E., KRATZ, ANNA LOUISE · 2021 to 2025
$3.0M
NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD102337
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPeople with multiple sclerosis (MS) often use multiple medications concurrently to manage a wide range of symptoms. Although polypharmacy is associated with cognitive impairment, the effects of specific medication classes on cognitive outcomes in MS remain poorly understood. This study examined associations between commonly used medications and both objective and subjective measures of cognitive function in people with MS.

methodA secondary analysis of baseline data from a longitudinal study in 260 individuals with MS was conducted. Current medication use was self-reported. Objective cognitive function was assessed across multiple domains using the NIH Toolbox Cognitive Battery and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Subjective cognitive function was measured using the PROMIS Cognitive Function Abilities Short Form. Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed, adjusting for demographic and clinical covariates.

resultsParticipants reported a median of 6 medications (IQR: 6; range: 1-22). Opioid analgesic use was significantly associated with poorer executive function. Antidepressant use was positively associated with processing speed, and corticosteroid use was linked to improved memory across multiple domains. No significant associations were observed for non-opioid analgesics, cannabinoids, psychostimulants, antispasmodics, benzodiazepines, sedatives, anticonvulsants, or disease-modifying therapies.

conclusionsThese findings underscore the importance of considering cognitive health when making pharmacologic decisions for this population.

Indexed as

CognitionCognitive DysfunctionMultiple SclerosisPolypharmacyAdultExecutive FunctionFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleMiddle AgedNeuropsychological TestsCognitive functionMedication useMultiple sclerosisPolypharmacy

Identifiers

PMID41260151
PMCPMC12656195

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.