ArticlePain medicine (Malden, Mass.)2026
Beyond headache: non-cephalic pain, fatigue, and post-traumatic stress symptoms as longitudinal predictors of chronic migraine outcomes.
Article in Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Altered locus coeruleus functional connectivity in migraine without aura based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging.Journal of oral & facial pain and headache · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveChronic migraine (CM) is a condition marked by highly frequent, intense, and disabling headaches. However, less commonly examined symptoms, such as persistent fatigue, widespread non-cephalic pain, and post-traumatic stress disorder, may also play a key role in migraine-relevant clinical outcomes.
methodsThe current study utilized retrospective clinical registry data from 704 treatment-seeking patients with CM to examine longitudinal trajectories of pain intensity and pain-related life interference using linear growth modeling.
resultsHigh levels of co-occurring non-cephalic pain (71.9% of patients) were noted in this sample. Patients endorsing more widespread pain reported higher average levels of pain intensity over time (β = 0.189 [0.103-0.275], P < .001) and less improvement in pain interference over time (β = 0.328 [0.131-0.525], P = .001). Additional findings included greater reductions in pain interference among patients with higher baseline levels of pain intensity (β = -0.185 [-0.351 to -0.020], P = .028) and fatigue (β = -0.280 [-0.493 to -0.067], P = .010) and non-significant associations between post-traumatic stress symptoms and pain intensity and pain interference in all models.
conclusionsThe current findings suggest that clinical factors sometimes overlooked in headache research, such as co-occurring non-cephalic pain and fatigue, may contribute to trajectories of treatment response and psychosocial function in CM. Future research may benefit from examining these factors in headache-specific treatment settings and in the context of examining the effects of multidisciplinary care on patients with complex symptom presentations.
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