Temporally resolved analyses of aperiodic features track neural dynamics during sleep.

The aperiodic (1/f-like) component of electrophysiological data, whereby power systematically decreases with increasing frequency, as quantified by the aperiodic exponent, has been shown to differentiate sleep stages. Previous studies typically measured this exponent over narrow frequency ranges and averaged across sleep stages. A systematic review following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, which identified 16 eligible studies examining aperiodic neural activity during sleep, revealed heterogeneous frequency ranges and methodological approaches across studies. Building on these insights, the present study expands the analysis to include wider frequency ranges and alternative models, such as detecting 'knees' in the aperiodic component, which reflect bends in the power spectrum indicating changes in the exponent. Additionally, we applied time-resolved analyses to examine the dynamic patterns of aperiodic activity during sleep. We analyzed data from two sources: intracranial EEG (iEEG) from 106 epilepsy patients and high-density EEG from 17 healthy individuals and compared different frequency ranges and model forms of aperiodic activity. Results showed that broadband aperiodic models and the inclusion of a 'knee' feature effectively captured sleep stage-dependent differences in aperiodic activity. The knee parameter exhibited stage-specific variations, indicating different processing timescales across sleep stages. Time-resolved analysis of the aperiodic exponent tracked sleep stage transitions and responses to external stimuli, highlighting rapidly varying temporal dynamics during sleep. These findings offer valuable insights into brain dynamics during sleep and reveal novel insights and interpretations for understanding aperiodic neural activity during sleep.