Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41258055›Full record

ArticlePediatric research2026

Muscle and bone growth in the lower legs of typically developing children and ambulant children with cerebral palsy: a mixed longitudinal study.

Bart Bolsterlee, Brian V Y Chow, Suzanne Davies, Catherine Morgan, Caroline D Rae, David I Warton, Iona Novak, Ann Lancaster, Gordana C Popovic, Mahsa Seydi and 3 more

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In one paragraph

Article in Pediatric research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Bart BolsterleeNeuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia. b.bolsterlee@unsw.edu.au.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8277-5026
Brian V Y ChowNeuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Suzanne DaviesNeuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Catherine MorganCerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Caroline D RaeNeuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia.
David I WartonSchool of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Iona NovakCerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Ann LancasterNeuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Gordana C PopovicStats Central, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Mahsa SeydiNeuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Claudia Y RizzoNeuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Iain K BallPhilips Australia & New Zealand, North Ryde, NSW, Australia.
Robert D HerbertNeuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundLongitudinal data on skeletal muscle growth in children are scarce, so little is known about developmental trajectories of skeletal muscle size, the relative timing of muscle and skeletal growth and how cerebral palsy (CP) affects growth.

methodsWe conducted a mixed longitudinal study of 252 children aged 5-18 years, including 66 children with CP. MRI-based measurements of lower leg muscle volumes and tibia lengths were obtained on 2-3 occasions over ~3 years and used to estimate age- and sex-specific reference curves for growth velocities.

resultsAt the population level, peak adolescent growth velocity in lower leg muscle volume was higher and occurred later in typically developing boys (155 cm

conclusionThis study establishes reference data for muscle and bone growth velocities during typical childhood development which can be used for child- and muscle-specific assessments of growth impairments. IMPACT: Mixed longitudinal MRI data were used to construct reference curves for growth velocities of lower leg muscle volumes and tibia lengths in typically developing children aged 5-18 years. At the population level, peak adolescent muscle growth velocity was about one-third greater and occurred 2 years later in boys than in girls. Peak muscle growth velocities occurred 2 years after peak tibia length velocities, showing the asynchronous development of muscle and bone. Children with cerebral palsy exhibit larger deficits in growth velocities of muscles (~41% smaller than in age- and sex-matched typically developing children) than in tibia length (~11%).

Indexed as

Bone DevelopmentCerebral PalsyLegMuscle DevelopmentMuscle, SkeletalAdolescentChildChild DevelopmentChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleTibia

Identifiers

PMID41258055
PMCPMC13485689

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.