ArticleFrontiers in immunology2025
Discovery of protease inhibitors from bacteria as novel adjuvants for oral vaccine formulations.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: There is a need for mucosal vaccines that can fight pathogens at the site of infection. At present, there are no approved adjuvants for mucosal vaccines. Among different immunization routes, oral delivery is the natural choice because of its ease of administration. However, oral administration has two main drawbacks: proteolytic digestion and immune tolerance. Methods: In this study, a systematic Results: This approach led to the selection of 11 PIs from human pathogenic bacteria, representing diverse families of PIs. These proteins were then expressed in E. coli; five of them demonstrated soluble expression and efficient purification. Three candidates -Ecotin from Salmonella, APRin from Pseudomonas, and STA (staphostatin A) from Staphylococcus aureus- exhibited both protease inhibition and TLR4-independent dendritic-cell activation. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that three protease inhibitors from bacteria: Ecotin, APRin, and STA function as novel oral mucosal adjuvants capable of modulating immune responses and enhancing antigen immunogenicity.
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