Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41254687›Full record

ArticleBMC public health2025

COVID-19 response and the unhoused communities in Sacramento: a mixed methods study with policy implications.

Annica Stull-Lane, Kiré Lau, Monica Keiko Lieng, Raquel Selcer, Jericho Hallare, Andrew Maneval, Tanya Talwar, Kirk Harter, Jason Tang, Ellen Shank and 13 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

23 authors.

Annica Stull-Lane *School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4610 X Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
Kiré Lau *College of Medicine, California Northstate University, 9700 West Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA, 95757, USA.
Monica Keiko Lieng *School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4610 X Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
Raquel SelcerSchool of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4610 X Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
Jericho HallareCollege of Medicine, California Northstate University, 9700 West Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA, 95757, USA.
Andrew ManevalCollege of Medicine, California Northstate University, 9700 West Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA, 95757, USA.
Tanya TalwarCollege of Medicine, California Northstate University, 9700 West Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA, 95757, USA.
Kirk HarterCollege of Medicine, California Northstate University, 9700 West Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA, 95757, USA.
Jason TangCollege of Medicine, California Northstate University, 9700 West Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA, 95757, USA.
Ellen ShankSchool of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4610 X Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
Christina LowrySchool of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4610 X Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
Silvia BasteaSchool of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4610 X Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
Lillian JundiCollege of Medicine, California Northstate University, 9700 West Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA, 95757, USA.
Nikita SanghaviSchool of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4610 X Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
Karli MatterSchool of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4610 X Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
Tess HillCollege of Medicine, California Northstate University, 9700 West Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA, 95757, USA.
Erika Jane AdamsSchool of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4610 X Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
Corinne CushingSchool of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4610 X Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
Nitya JanardhanCollege of Medicine, California Northstate University, 9700 West Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA, 95757, USA.
Duane KimSchool of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4610 X Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
Fransia De LeonSchool of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4610 X Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
Azaam MamoorCollege of Medicine, California Northstate University, 9700 West Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA, 95757, USA.
Michael WilkesOffice of the Dean, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4610 X Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA. mswilkes@ucdavis.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIn an emergency response to the COVID-19 pandemic, cross-sector public health collaborations facilitated emergency hotel room placements for people experiencing homelessness (PEH). To inform a Health-in-All-Policies approach to future disasters, the study objective was to assess the impact of the disaster response on the unhoused communities surrounding Sacramento.

methodsOur interdisciplinary team-based convergent parallel mixed methods study included quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis, followed by integrated analyses. The quantitative primary outcome was number of self-reported primary care physician visits. Semi-structured in-person interviews focused on perspectives of the COVID-19 pandemic and public health interventions, experiences with healthcare access and preventative measures, and personal priorities. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded using thematic analysis. Integration was guided by the "following a thread" approach.

resultsWe surveyed 100 people living outdoors ("outside PEH") and 100 people in temporary hotel room placements ("hotel PEH"), and we conducted and transcribed interviews with 19 outside PEH and 16 hotel PEH for qualitative thematic analysis. Hotel PEH reported significantly more primary care physician visits compared to outside PEH (p < 0.05). Mobile health clinics were viewed favorably by both outside PEH (93%) and hotel PEH (85%). Four qualitative themes emerged: (1) Access to resources; (2) Social connection as empowerment; (3) Exacerbation of pre-existing conditions; and (4) Impact of systems and policy on safety. Integrated comparison demonstrated that hotel placements improved access to information, healthcare, resources, hygiene, hope, and safety. This informed four disaster response guidelines: (1) Prioritize housing; (2) Maintain safe and healthy living environments; (3) Improve health and access to integrated healthcare services; and (4) Promote social and emotional well-being.

conclusionsComprehensive disaster responses require understanding vulnerable populations' experiences, perspectives, and priorities. Student-led team science addresses complex questions, revealing pandemic response lessons and informing Health-in-All-Policies approaches to ongoing and future disasters.

Indexed as

COVID-19Health PolicyIll-Housed PersonsAdultCaliforniaFemaleHealth Services AccessibilityHumansInterviews as TopicMaleMiddle AgedPandemicsQualitative ResearchCOVID-19Disaster responseHealth policyHomelessnessMixed methods

Identifiers

PMID41254687
PMCPMC12625094

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.