ArticleAnimal models and experimental medicine2025
Evaluation of a modified triple-combination anesthesia using dexmedetomidine in mice.
Article in Animal models and experimental medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of a modified anesthetic protocol using dexmedetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol in mice.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2026Article
- Evaluation of a modified triple-combination anesthesia using dexmedetomidine in mice.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundKetamine is a widely used anesthetic in animal research, but its use is strictly regulated in several countries, including Japan and China. As an alternative, the medetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol (MMB) combination is commonly used in Japan. However, medetomidine is a racemic mixture containing the inactive R-enantiomer, which may reduce anesthetic predictability and safety.
objectiveThe aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a modified anesthetic combination (dMMB), in which dexmedetomidine replaces medetomidine, across three commonly used mouse strains (ICR, C57BL/6, BALB/c).
methodsMale and female mice were administered either MMB or dMMB subcutaneously. Anesthetic depth, recovery profiles, heart rate, SpO
resultsdMMB produced similar anesthetic depth to MMB, with faster and more consistent recovery, particularly in males. Body temperature recovery was significantly enhanced in dMMB-treated B6 males. No significant differences in side effects (ocular opacity or blood glucose levels) were observed between protocols, though strain-specific glucose elevations were noted in dMMB-treated males.
conclusiondMMB is a safe, effective, and ketamine-free injectable anesthetic protocol, offering advantages in recovery and thermoregulation. It may be a valuable alternative in research settings where ketamine is restricted and medetomidine may become unavailable.
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