Diagnostic performance of X-ray-based deep learning models for detecting ankle and foot fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

objectivesLower extremity fractures are prevalent in vulnerable populations leading to significant burdens, which highlight the need for timely and precise diagnosis. Integrating deep learning with imaging findings has shown promising results for enhancing fracture detection accuracy. This study assesses the diagnostic accuracy of AI models using X-ray images to detect ankle and foot fractures and investigates the probable factors influencing their performance. MATERIALS AND

methodsA comprehensive search of four databases was done up to September 30th, 2025. Studies that investigated the accuracy of deep learning models for the detection of ankle and foot fractures utilizing X-rays were included. A bivariate random-effects model was used to perform meta-analysis.

resultsA total of 506 studies were reviewed, and 14 were included in the meta-analysis. Analysis of all the representative models of the included studies had a cumulative sensitivity and specificity of 93.2% and 94.5% (95% CI 88.8-95.9%, 90.1-97.0%, respectively, I

conclusionDeep learning models can be considered a notably accurate method for the detection of ankle and foot fractures. Further studies with larger samples, external validation, and clinical implementations are required. PROSPERO REGISTRATION: This systematic review and meta-analysis study was registered with PROSPERO, registration number CRD42024624044.