Adaptive Control-based frequency control strategy for PV/ DEG/ battery power system during islanding conditions.

The concept of Islanded Hybrid Power System (IHPS) has attracted considerable interest lately, especially for energizing remote or energy-poor locations. IHPS are more dependable and cost-effective alternatives to systems using only one energy source when properly constructed. IHPS configuration, including Diesel Engine Generator (DEG), Photovoltaic (PV) systems, and Battery Storage (BATT) elements, are desirable for islanded systems about price and dependability. IHPS mostly use Renewable Energy Sources (RES) for power production, which is variable. Consequently, these variations often make it difficult for traditional control systems to maximize efficiency across various operating environments. The current research discusses the requirement for more effective frequency control in IHPS by suggesting a Model Reference Adaptive Control-Fuzzy Proportional Integral based Whale Optimization Algorithm (MRAC-FPI-WOA) controller. The proposed controller can efficiently manage a range of disturbances by dynamically adjusting its control techniques. The current research conducts an evaluation study comparing the effectiveness of the suggested MRAC-FPI-WOA controller against FPI-WOA, PI-WOA, and PI-PSO controllers. The key evaluation criteria are the ability to maintain stability in frequency within the IHPS and the effectiveness of power production in the overall system. The results demonstrate the superior performance of the MRAC-FPI-WOA controller across diverse operational scenarios. Notably, during a three-phase fault at Bus2, the MRAC-FPI-WOA controller achieves significant performance enhancements over the PI-PSO controller, with reductions of 59.05% in maximum overshoot (%[Formula: see text]), 72.83% in maximum undershoot (%[Formula: see text]), 32.07% in settling time ([Formula: see text]), and 34.81% in the integral of time-weighted absolute error (ITAE). A similar trend is observed during a three-phase fault at the tie-line, where the MRAC-FPI-WOA controller yields improvements of 57.47% in %[Formula: see text], 79.36% in %[Formula: see text], 40.9% in [Formula: see text], and 78.08% in ITAE. Furthermore, the controller exhibits exceptional dynamic responsiveness to ramp variations in solar radiation, substantially reducing %[Formula: see text]by 96.72%, %[Formula: see text] by 95.24%, [Formula: see text]by 22.79%, and ITAE by 89.69%. Additionally, it demonstrates robust adaptability to random solar radiation fluctuations, consistently optimizing transient response with reductions of 96.63% in %[Formula: see text], 99.58% in %[Formula: see text], 22.07% in [Formula: see text], and 95.23% in ITAE.