ReviewNPJ breast cancer2025
Field cancerization, accelerated aging, and immunosuppression: the rapid rise of hormone-sensitive and early-onset breast cancer.
Review in NPJ breast cancer, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Environmental chemical mixtures reprogram mammary epithelial development to epigenetic states associated with breast cancer.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Article
- Nutrition Across the Life Course and Risk of Young-Onset Breast Cancer: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Prevention Opportunities.Nutrients · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Breast cancer etiology traditionally emphasizes genetic mutations, hormonal dynamics, and tissue aging. However, recent decades have seen a steady rise in breast cancer with a growing proportion of these tumors exhibiting estrogen receptor-positive (ER + ) phenotypes along with an alarming rise in early-onset breast cancer occurring in individuals without a family history of the disease. While increased screening and lifestyle changes explain part of this trend, they do not fully account for the rising incidence, particularly among specific racial and geographic subgroups. We hypothesize that this rising trend in hormone-sensitive and early-onset cancers is a manifestation of chronic, cumulative environmental exposures, particularly to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), that profoundly alter breast tissue biology. Since EDCs alter estrogen receptor signaling, the epigenetic landscape, and disrupt immune surveillance, we hypothesize that this may underpin the rising incidence of hormone-sensitive early-onset breast cancers through a mechanism that affects field cancerization and hormone-mediated aging.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.