ArticleImmunity2025
Sequential class switching generates antigen-specific gut IgA from IgG1 B cells.
Article in Immunity, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Epigenetic regulation of B cell tolerance and dysfunction in autoimmune disease.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Germinal center responses at barrier organ sites.Current opinion in immunology · 2026Review
- Highlights of 2025: advances in germinal centers.Immunology and cell biology · 2026Review
- Harnessing mucosal immunity for protective vaccines.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- B cell αv integrin regulates tissue specialization and clonal expansion of lung germinal center and memory B cells after viral infection.Science advances · 2026Article
- Quercetin Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Immune Inflammation via Modulating Heme and ROS Pathways in Rats Fed Protein-Oxidized Soybean Meal.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Extrafollicular and other non-germinal center B cell responses.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Review
- Mechanistic remodeling and immunoregulatory functions of the B cell-humoral immunity axis in inflammatory bowel disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Imbalanced IgA-IgG class switching recombination: a novel mechanism of gut immune dysregulation in inflammatory bowel disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
22 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig)A is the primary isotype protecting the gut barrier, yet fundamental aspects of antigen-specific IgA induction remain unknown. Gut lymphoid organs are chronically exposed to foreign antigens, are structurally different from other lymphoid tissues, and are functionally unique. This suggests gut IgA induction occurs through noncanonical means. Indeed, we observed the generation of affinity-matured IgA B cells through both germinal center (GC) and nonGC pathways. Although most antibody isotypes are generated directly from naive IgM B cells, we discovered that IgG1 GC B cells can generate gut mucosal IgA in mice, with a similar relationship in mucosal and non-mucosal sites in humans. This supports a model of IgA generation through sequential class switching, linking the specificity of mucosal IgA and systemic IgG1 humoral immunity to gut-derived antigens. Defining these pathways is essential for the design of mucosal vaccines, which need to generate IgA and IgG antibodies for efficient barrier and systemic protection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.