Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41252093›Full record

ArticleJournal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection2025

Multidrug resistant bacteria and associated risk factors of external ocular infections at University of Gondar tertiary hospital in Northwest Ethiopia.

Mahliet Dereje, Abebe Birhanu, Meseret Mulu, Getachew Bitew, Alemnew Demissie, Aklilu Ambachew, Mulat Dagnew

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Article in Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Mahliet DerejeDepartment of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Abebe BirhanuDepartment of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0005-0363-3254
Meseret MuluDepartment of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Getachew BitewDepartment of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Alemnew DemissieDepartment of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Aklilu AmbachewDepartment of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Mulat DagnewDepartment of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia. dagnewmulat@gmail.com.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMultidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are an escalating global public health concern and represent a cross-cutting issue affecting multiple sectors. In ophthalmic care, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents are frequently prescribed empirically by healthcare professionals, often without culture-based evidence. This practice contributes to the development of drug-resistant pathogens. Therefore, routine surveillance of bacterial profiles and multidrug resistance in external ocular infections is crucial for effective treatment, prevention, and control efforts. The primary objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of multidrug resistance among bacterial isolates from external ocular infections and to identify associated risk factors.

methodA cross-sectional study was conducted among 360 external ocular infection suspected patients between May 1 and July 30, 2023, at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital's Tertiary Eye Care and Training Center. Systematic random sampling was employed to recruit participants. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected using structured questionnaires. Ocular specimens were collected aseptically and processed using standard microbiological techniques according to CLSI. Data were entered into EpiData version 25 and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the risk factors, with a 95% confidence interval. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A total of 360 patients participated in the study.

resultsBacterial pathogens were isolated in 59.7% (215/360) of the external ocular infection samples. Gram-positive bacteria were the most frequently identified, comprising 46.7% (168/222) of isolates. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolate (43.7%, 97/222), followed by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (29.7%, 66/222), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.8%, 24/222), and Escherichia coli (5.4%, 12/222). The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was 21.6%. Overall, multidrug resistance was observed in 62.2% (138/222) of the isolates. Notably, dental infections were significantly associated with the presence of bacterial external ocular infections.

conclusionsThis study highlights a high prevalence of bacterial and multidrug-resistant organisms in external ocular infections. Gentamicin and ciprofloxacin are effective antimicrobial agents against the isolated pathogens. These findings underscore the need for continuous monitoring of bacterial profiles and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns to support evidence-based antibiotic use and mitigate the rise of antimicrobial resistance in ocular infections.

Indexed as

Bacterial profileExternal ocular infectionMultidrugresistance

Identifiers

PMID41252093
PMCPMC12627321

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