Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41252086›Full record

ArticleProbiotics and antimicrobial proteins2026

Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein-S as a Dual-Action Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Agent Against Staphylococcus aureus.

Priya Verma, Priyanka Swaroop, Surabhi Pandit, Ved Prakash, Surender Kumar Sharawat, T P Singh, Sujata Sharma, Pradeep Sharma

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Article in Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Priya VermaDepartment of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
Priyanka SwaroopMedical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
Surabhi PanditDepartment of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
Ved PrakashNational Research Centre On Camel, Bikaner, Rajasthan, 334001, India.
Surender Kumar SharawatMedical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
T P SinghDepartment of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
Sujata SharmaDepartment of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India. sujatasharma.aiims@gmail.com.
Pradeep SharmaDepartment of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India. pradeepbdk@gmail.com.

Funding

Indian Council of Medical Research IIRPSG- 2024-01-01083
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The global rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, necessitates the development of novel antimicrobial approaches. Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein-S (PGRP-S), an innate immune effector, is known to target bacterial cell walls by recognizing and hydrolyzing peptidoglycans. Camel (Camelus dromedarius) milk, renowned for its medicinal properties, is a rich source of PGRP-S and contributes to neonatal immunity. This study investigates the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects of camel milk-derived PGRP-S (C-PGRP-S) against S. aureus. Purified C-PGRP-S exhibited potent antibacterial activity, completely inhibiting bacterial growth at 40 μg/mL in MIC assays and demonstrating rapid bactericidal action in time-kill kinetics. Scanning electron microscopy revealed dose-dependent morphological damage to bacterial membranes. Immunologically, C-PGRP-S suppressed the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and restored ROS production in M1 macrophages significantly in infected cells. These results suggest that C-PGRP-S operates via a dual mechanism: direct bacterial lysis and immune modulation. Structural insights from the crystallographic model of camel PGRP-S (PDB ID: 3NW3) further highlight its molecular interaction with peptidoglycans. Taken together, C-PGRP-S emerges as a promising macromolecular therapeutic candidate, with potential as a natural alternative or adjunct to existing antibiotics in managing drug-resistant S. aureus infections.

Indexed as

Anti-Bacterial AgentsCarrier ProteinsImmunologic FactorsMilkStaphylococcus aureusAnimalsCamelusCell WallCrystallography, X-RayCytokinesHumansMacrophagesMicrobial Sensitivity TestsMicroscopy, Electron, ScanningPeptidoglycanPrimary Cell CultureAnti-Bacterial AgentsCarrier ProteinsCytokinesImmunologic FactorsPeptidoglycanpeptidoglycan recognition proteinAntibioticsESKAPE pathogensMultidrug resistanceNatural antibioticPGRP-S

Identifiers

PMID41252086

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