Multidimensional nutritional assessment of goats fed Pleurotus pulmonarius-treated empty fruit bunch.

Integrating agro-industrial residue into small ruminant diets offers a realistic pathway to lower feed costs and improve resource efficiency. In this study, a multidimensional nutritional assessment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Pleurotus pulmonarius empty fruit bunch (FTEFB) as a roughage substitute in the diet of goats. Nine healthy female crossbred goats, aged 1.5 -2.0 years with an average initial bodyweight of 27.68 ± 0.79 kg was used in a 3 × 3 Latin square cross-over design. The animals were fed three dietary treatments: 100% Napier grass (NG), 75% NG + 25% FTEFB, and 50% NG + 50% FTEFB. Parameters evaluated included nutrient intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation profiles, and serum biochemical indicators. Increasing the level of FTEFB in diet led to a quadratic reduction (P < 0.01) in bodyweight and crude protein intake, while cellulose intake increased (P < 0.01). Apparent digestibility of dry matter, fiber fractions (NDF, ADF, ADL) and crude protein was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced with FTEFB inclusion, though digestible energy remained unaffected. Rumen fermentation showed a quadratic increase (P < 0.05) in propionate, butyrate valerate and ammonia-nitrogen with a corresponding decrease in acetate. Total VFA, pH and other minor VFAs were not significantly altered. Serum biochemistry remained largely within normal ranges, though ALP, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol were significantly affected (P < 0.05). This comprehensive assessment indicates that inclusion of P. pulmonarius-treated EFB up to 25% of the diet supports nutrient utilization and favourable rumen fermentation without compromising health and performance, making it a sustainable option to partially replace conventional forages.